For nearly two years, Voice of America, a federal news agency dedicated to projecting American values around the world, provided intensive Persian-language coverage of Israel’s war with Hamas. The service regularly reached viewers inside Iran, Hamas’s state sponsor, with the kind of reporting and expert analysis that Tehran typically suppresses.

But Iranians who tuned to V.O.A. in June to learn about Israel’s attack on their country got something different: a two-hour live broadcast of the U.S. military procession in Washington that the Trump administration held to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the American army.

“U.S. President Donald Trump has invited Americans to participate in this once-in-a-lifetime celebration that is free to the public,” an anchor declared in Persian.

It was a striking moment for the storied news agency, which was founded in 1942 to fight Nazi propaganda and has won dozens of journalism awards for reporting around the world — but has been targeted for destruction by President Trump.

Mr. Trump, who has called V.O.A. “a total left-wing disaster,” signed an executive order in March effectively dismantling its parent organization, the U.S. Agency for Global Media, putting nearly all of V.O.A.’s 1,400 journalists and support staff on paid leave. Now, amid the government shutdown, all V.O.A. programming is off the air.

But while the Trump administration has largely succeeded in its efforts to permanently shrink parts of the federal bureaucracy it doesn’t like, the battle over V.O.A. and other federally funded global news outlets is far from over.

Courts have ordered the administration to resume news broadcasting at V.O.A. and disburse federal dollars to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia and the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, private nonprofit news groups that are fully dependent on government funding and share V.O.A.’s mission of using journalism to advance U.S. interests abroad.

And some Republican lawmakers, reflecting a rare bit of bipartisan resistance to the Trump administration, have warned that ceasing their news broadcasting is ceding ground to Russian and Chinese propaganda networks that have moved aggressively to fill the vacuum.

“Without a robust replacement,” eliminating federally funded news groups is “reckless and shortsighted,” Representative Young Kim, Republican of California, said during a House committee meeting in September. “They provide credible local language reporting that builds trust with audiences.”

V.O.A. previously ran broadcasts in 49 languages for 360 million people across the globe every week, while the three other news groups collectively reached around 150 million people weekly.

Until the government shut down earlier this month, V.O.A. maintained only four language services that each broadcast around an hour per day to signal the administration’s compliance with judicial orders. While appeals courts have generally upheld the rulings that have sided with orders to keep V.O.A. alive, litigation has also stalled, in part because government lawyers have not filed any briefs since the shutdown began.

The impasse has tapped into a broader debate over the role of government-funded newsrooms: Should they promote American values through independent journalism, or should they be tools to promote administration policy?

V.O.A. and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, born after the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe, were widely credited with helping the United States win global support during the Cold War. But the Trump administration has attacked independent journalism at home and has signaled that, if V.O.A. survives, it could adopt a more MAGA-friendly approach.

Kari Lake, the former Arizona television anchor and two-time statewide political candidate appointed by Mr. Trump to oversee the government newsrooms, said in sworn court testimony that the administration had reached an agreement with One America News Network, a right-wing news channel, to share content and was “engaged in ongoing discussions” with Newsmax, another conservative network, for a similar arrangement.

A spokesman for Newsmax, Bill Daddi, disputed Ms. Lake’s testimony, saying the network was “flattered” that she would consider using its content, but that “there has been no conversation or discussion” about it. A representative for OAN did not respond to a request for comment.

Testifying before the House in June, Ms. Lake called V.O.A. “a rotten piece of fish.”

“What is going out on V.O.A. airwaves — it’s outrageous, and it has to stop,” said Ms. Lake, who would not agree to be interviewed for this story and did not respond to specific emailed questions.

Abigail Jackson, a White House spokeswoman, said in a statement that V.O.A. spreads “left-wing propaganda” and that Americans are “better off not being forced to waste money on that garbage.”

Some Republicans have pointed to editorial guidance sent a few days after Hamas’s 2023 attack on Israel as evidence of V.O.A.’s left-leaning bias. The email guidance advised reporters to “avoid calling Hamas and its members terrorists” except in quotes, though V.O.A. later updated the guidance to require journalists to note which groups have been designated as terrorist organizations by the State Department.

The news group also faced criticism in 2020 after its Urdu service aired a two-minute video that featured footage from an advocacy group in which Joseph R. Biden Jr., then a Democratic presidential candidate, urged Muslims to vote for him. V.O.A. determined the video did not meet its standards and took it down.

But for some Republicans, such controversies are outweighed by the national security benefits of news groups like V.O.A. To these lawmakers, the Persian-language broadcast of the June 14 military parade on Mr. Trump’s birthday — rather than covering what was then the day after Israel’s initial assault on Iran — marked a symbolic low point.

A New York Times review of the broadcast found the anchor occasionally mentioning the bombing but focusing on the history of the U.S. Army and weapons presented at the parade. One Iranian activist sent a text message to a V.O.A. journalist asking why “is Voice of America not covering the news since yesterday?” according to a copy of the message reviewed by The Times.

“We need America’s voice in Iran right now,” Representative Michael McCaul, Republican of Texas and a former chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, said during a hearing on the state of government-funded newsrooms held three days after the United States bombed Iran’s nuclear facilities.

A ‘Weapon’ Against U.S. Adversaries

A core source of tension around the future of U.S.-funded international journalism comes from its history.

V.O.A. and the other government-funded news groups were created by Congress with two potentially contradictory mandates — to enjoy editorial independence, while also advancing American foreign policy as a “weapon” against U.S. adversaries.

“How do you both be a government broadcaster and operate by the required rules of journalism?” said Nicholas J. Cull, a historian at the University of Southern California who has studied government-funded news groups.

In the 1970s, Congress and political appointees from the White House complained about V.O.A.’s candid reporting on the Watergate scandal and sought to cut its funding.

After Watergate, in 1976, Congress codified V.O.A.’s charter to require objective coverage. Nonetheless, President Ronald Reagan’s appointee to run the agency pushed for overtly anti-communist programming and reined in reporting that could shed negative light on the United States.

Mr. Trump’s first administration tried to upend the global news agency. His appointee to run the agency rescinded a provision that prohibited government officials from meddling in the editorial decisions of federally funded newsrooms. A federal judge later ruled that the move violated the First Amendment rights of the outlet’s journalists.