Despite shows of support, like this anti-Israel rally, many in Iran are deeply concerned about the prospect of an all-out war between the countries. Arash Khamooshi for The New York Times

After a week of tense internal deliberation and international appeals for calm, Israel struck an air defense system in Iran on Friday, according to Western and Iranian officials. Israel’s airstrike was the latest in an exchange of attacks between the countries.

I spoke about Iran and Israel with my colleague Farnaz Fassihi, the U.N. bureau chief, who covers the shadow war between the countries.

What does this attack mean for the conflict between Iran and Israel?

I think it marks a new chapter in their yearslong adversarial relationship because, despite fighting each other covertly, and through proxies, and through shadow operations, it’s the first time in 45 years that they’ve attacked each other directly. So it’s a turning point in the relationship that sort of upends all the previous rules.

They’ve really both taken things up a notch significantly, and I think it remains to be seen whether this latest tit-for-tat will create some sort of deterrence for both sides.

How are people reacting in Iran?

In Iran, people are very anxious about a war with Israel, but this comes on top of many other problems that Iranians have.

The government has started a very aggressive campaign in the streets, cracking down on women who are not observing the hijab law. The government is summoning activists and journalists or anybody who criticizes their Israel policy. They’re issuing gag orders. So people in Iran feel like they’re being squeezed from many different sides.

And the economy is terrible. It’s a sanctioned economy, there’s a lot of corruption, and since this skirmish with Israel, the Iranian currency has been plunging against the dollar. So they’re seeing already the real impacts of this in prices.

What do you think will happen next?

I think it seems as if both sides are standing down. And there was also a lot of diplomatic pressure and messaging going to both Iran and to Israel — from the U.S., from regional countries, from European countries, African countries, China, Russia, everybody — calling Israel and Iran and saying the region just cannot handle another massive war, just stand down.

Even the Biden administration has told Israel repeatedly that they’re not interested in a war with Iran. The U.S. doesn’t want a war in Iran and has told Netanyahu that the U.S. will help defend Israel, as it did when Iran attacked, but will not participate in attacking Iran. And I think that was calculated into Israel’s decision to scale down because they realized that they would have to fight Iran alone.

I think people feel like maybe the threat of war has passed, like we went to the brink of war and pulled back.

But this is a volatile situation. It’s far from settled — because another miscalculation, another attack, another assassination, and it could blow up again.